`CVE-2025-32433`

Affected software	9 products, listed below
Severity	10.0 Critical CVSS 3.1
Weakness	Missing authentication (CWE-306)
Published	16 Apr 2025
Updated	17 Jun 2026

Description

Erlang/OTP is a set of libraries for the Erlang programming language. Prior to versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20, a SSH server may allow an attacker to perform unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). By exploiting a flaw in SSH protocol message handling, a malicious actor could gain unauthorized access to affected systems and execute arbitrary commands without valid credentials. This issue is patched in versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20. A temporary workaround involves disabling the SSH server or to prevent access via firewall rules.

Exploitation status

Exploited

Confirmed real-world exploitation.

CISA KEV listed Confirmed exploitation in the wild. Added 2025-06-09 · remediation due 2025-06-30 · ransomware use: unknown
VulnCheck KEV listed Exploitation reported in the wild. 17 citations · honeypot sightings · 40 exploits · earliest 2025-06-09.
CISA Vulnrichment exploitation: active CISA records active exploitation. Automatable: yes, technical impact: total.
Indexed PoC 41 indexed Published artifacts you can open, in GitHub PoC, Metasploit, Nuclei; first seen 2025-04-18.
EPSS 99% chance in 30 days A model's forecast, not a report of exploitation. Higher than 99.9% of all scored CVEs.

VulnCheck KEV

Exploitation evidence from VulnCheck Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (VulnCheck KEV), used under VulnCheck's community terms. View CVE-2025-32433 in VulnCheck (free account), which lists 12 more citations and 35 more exploit references not shown here.

Evidence	Source	Detail	Date
Honeypot sighting	VulnCheck canaries	Exploitation attempts seen on 47 days	2025-10-24 to 2026-10-27
Reported exploitation	cisa.gov	/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json	2025-06-09
Reported exploitation	censys.com	/blog/2025-state-of-the-internet-notable-incidents	2025-07-24
Reported exploitation	kelacyber.com	/resources/research/2025_midyear_threat_report	2025-08-08
Reported exploitation	unit42.paloaltonetworks.com	/erlang-otp-cve-2025-32433	2025-08-11
Reported exploitation	assets.recordedfuture.com	/insikt-report-pdfs/2025/cta-2025-0828.pdf	2025-08-28
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB 42214d962233	Exploit type: initial-access	2025-04-18
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB a2f1151c609a	Exploit type: initial-access	2025-04-18
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB ec3bcdccec72	Exploit type: initial-access	2025-04-18
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB 22d7bf70f177	Exploit type: initial-access	2025-04-19
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB 822dbe209d89	Exploit type: initial-access	2025-04-19

Evidence

Source

Detail

Date

Honeypot sighting

VulnCheck canaries

Exploitation attempts seen on 47 days

2025-10-24 to 2026-10-27

Reported exploitation

cisa.gov

/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json

2025-06-09

Reported exploitation

censys.com

/blog/2025-state-of-the-internet-notable-incidents

2025-07-24

Reported exploitation

kelacyber.com

/resources/research/2025_midyear_threat_report

2025-08-08

Reported exploitation

unit42.paloaltonetworks.com

/erlang-otp-cve-2025-32433

2025-08-11

Reported exploitation

assets.recordedfuture.com

/insikt-report-pdfs/2025/cta-2025-0828.pdf

2025-08-28

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB 42214d962233

Exploit type: initial-access

2025-04-18

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB a2f1151c609a

Exploit type: initial-access

2025-04-18

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB ec3bcdccec72

Exploit type: initial-access

2025-04-18

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB 22d7bf70f177

Exploit type: initial-access

2025-04-19

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB 822dbe209d89

Exploit type: initial-access

2025-04-19

3 of these are GitHub repositories with fewer than 5 stars. They are listed for reference and don't count toward the exploitation status above.

Index	Artifact	Stars	First seen
GitHub PoC	CVE-2025-32433 https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2	142	2025-04-18
Nuclei	Erlang/OTP SSH - Remote Code Execution
Metasploit	Erlang OTP Pre-Auth RCE Scanner and Exploit (excellent rank)
GitHub PoC	The vulnerability allows an attacker with network access to an Erlang/OTP SSH server to execute arbitrary code without prior authentication.	16	2025-04-18
GitHub PoC	CVE-2025-32433 PoC: Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE) in Erlang/OTP SSH. A proof-of-concept exploit for CVE-2025-32433	7	2025-08-13
GitHub PoC	0xPThree/cve-2025-32433	6	2025-04-19
GitHub PoC	python script to find vulnerable targets of CVE-2025-32433	6	2025-04-18
GitHub PoC	ekomsSavior/POC_CVE-2025-32433	4	2025-04-18
GitHub PoC	Go PoC for CVE-2025-32433 — unauthenticated RCE in Erlang/OTP SSH.	3	2026-03-07
GitHub PoC	CVE-2025-32433 PoC – SSH Protocol Python-based PoC for controlled lab testing of SSH message handling, channel operations, and pre-auth interactions. Designed for safe security research and analysis.	3	2026-02-26

Waratek protection

Outside Waratek scope

A Java vulnerability, but not one Waratek protects. It affects only Java on a user's desktop (applets, Web Start, JavaFX, the installer), sits in a product the Waratek agent can't be installed into, or is in a package we don't expect in business applications. The decision below says which.

Protection none
Action not pursued none
Review automated Upstream data
Record active

Decided by	The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached
Finding	This CVE names only products the Waratek agent cannot be installed into (cisco/network_services_orchestrator, cisco/smart_phy). They ship as sealed appliance images or as native code with no application JVM, so there is no start-up line to add -javaagent to. The vulnerability may well be a Java one; it is permanently out of ARMR's reach rather than outside its subject.

Decided by

The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached

Finding

This CVE names only products the Waratek agent cannot be installed into (cisco/network_services_orchestrator, cisco/smart_phy). They ship as sealed appliance images or as native code with no application JVM, so there is no start-up line to add -javaagent to. The vulnerability may well be a Java one; it is permanently out of ARMR's reach rather than outside its subject.

Affected software and releases

Products and versions

23 products, 34 version entries

Source	Vendor	Product	Scheme	Affected versions
nvd	cisco	cloud native broadband network gateway	generic	＜ 2025.3.1
nvd	cisco	confd basic	generic	＜ 7.7.19.1 · ≥ 8.0.18 and ＜ 8.1.16.2 · ≥ 8.2 and ＜ 8.2.11.1 · ≥ 8.3 and ＜ 8.3.8.1 · ≥ 8.4 and ＜ 8.4.4.1
nvd	cisco	enterprise nfv infrastructure software	generic	＜ 4.18
nvd	cisco	inode manager	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	ncs 2000 shelf virtualization orchestrator firmware	generic	＜ 25.1.1
nvd	cisco	network services orchestrator	generic	＜ 5.7.19.1 · ≥ 5.8 and ＜ 6.1.16.2 · ≥ 6.2 and ＜ 6.2.11.1 · ≥ 6.3 and ＜ 6.3.8.1 · ≥ 6.4 and ＜ 6.4.1.1 · ≥ 6.4.2 and ＜ 6.4.4.1
nvd	cisco	optical site manager	generic	＜ 25.2.1
nvd	cisco	rv160 firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv160w firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv260 firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv260p firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv260w firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv340 firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv340w firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv345 firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	rv345p firmware	generic	any version
nvd	cisco	smart phy	generic	＜ 25.2
nvd	cisco	staros	generic	＜ 2025.3
nvd	cisco	ultra cloud core	generic	＜ 2025.3.1
nvd	cisco	ultra packet core	generic	＜ 2025.3
nvd	cisco	ultra services platform	generic	any version
nvd	debian	debian linux	generic	11.0
nvd	erlang	erlang\/otp	generic	＜ 25.3.2.20 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.2.5.11 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.3.3

Source

Vendor

Product

Scheme

Affected versions

nvd

cisco

cloud native broadband network gateway

generic

＜ 2025.3.1

nvd

cisco

confd basic

generic

＜ 7.7.19.1 · ≥ 8.0.18 and ＜ 8.1.16.2 · ≥ 8.2 and ＜ 8.2.11.1 · ≥ 8.3 and ＜ 8.3.8.1 · ≥ 8.4 and ＜ 8.4.4.1

nvd

cisco

enterprise nfv infrastructure software

generic

＜ 4.18

nvd

cisco

inode manager

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

ncs 2000 shelf virtualization orchestrator firmware

generic

＜ 25.1.1

nvd

cisco

network services orchestrator

generic

＜ 5.7.19.1 · ≥ 5.8 and ＜ 6.1.16.2 · ≥ 6.2 and ＜ 6.2.11.1 · ≥ 6.3 and ＜ 6.3.8.1 · ≥ 6.4 and ＜ 6.4.1.1 · ≥ 6.4.2 and ＜ 6.4.4.1

nvd

cisco

optical site manager

generic

＜ 25.2.1

nvd

cisco

rv160 firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv160w firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv260 firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv260p firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv260w firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv340 firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv340w firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv345 firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

rv345p firmware

generic

any version

nvd

cisco

smart phy

generic

＜ 25.2

nvd

cisco

staros

generic

＜ 2025.3

nvd

cisco

ultra cloud core

generic

＜ 2025.3.1

nvd

cisco

ultra packet core

generic

＜ 2025.3

nvd

cisco

ultra services platform

generic

any version

nvd

debian

debian linux

generic

11.0

nvd

erlang

erlang\/otp

generic

＜ 25.3.2.20 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.2.5.11 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.3.3

References

URL	Tags
https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2
https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-erlang-otp-ssh-xyZZy
https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/0fcd9c56524b28615e8ece65fc0c3f66ef6e4c12	Patch
https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/6eef04130afc8b0ccb63c9a0d8650209cf54892f	Patch
https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/b1924d37fd83c070055beb115d5d6a6a9490b891	Patch
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/16/2	Mailing List
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/1	Mailing List
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/2	Mailing List
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/6	Mailing List
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/19/1	Mailing List

URL

Timeline

Published	2025-04-16	By the CVE Program.
Added to CISA KEV	2025-06-09	Listed in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog.
VulnCheck KEV: earliest evidence	2025-06-09	Date of the oldest evidence of exploitation in VulnCheck KEV's record. VulnCheck does not publish the date it listed the CVE.
NVD record modified	2026-06-17	NVD's own last-modified date for this record.
VulnCheck KEV: latest evidence	2026-11-03	Date of the newest report, exploit reference or honeypot sighting in VulnCheck KEV's record.

Published

2025-04-16

By the CVE Program.

Added to CISA KEV

2025-06-09

Listed in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog.

VulnCheck KEV: earliest evidence

2025-06-09

Date of the oldest evidence of exploitation in VulnCheck KEV's record. VulnCheck does not publish the date it listed the CVE.

NVD record modified

2026-06-17

NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

VulnCheck KEV: latest evidence

2026-11-03

Date of the newest report, exploit reference or honeypot sighting in VulnCheck KEV's record.

How VRT decided (15 of 24 rules ran)

15 of 24 rules ran. The rest didn't run because an earlier rule had already settled the CVE.

# Rule Outcome Status Detail

identity: Does this identifier describe a vulnerability at all? the first rule that matches decides

1 rejected no match CVE Program withdrawal of this identifier

scope: Is it a vulnerability Waratek protects? the first rule that matches decides

2 armr-patch-file no match An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE

3 armr-secure-rule-file no match An ARMR security-rule template on disk for this CVE

4 manual-classification no match A researcher's recorded decision for this specific CVE

5 manual classification no match Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset

6 non-java-upstream no match A root cause in non-Java code: an OS kernel, a C library, or a bundled runtime

7 oracle-component no match The defect being in a component of a tracked product the agent does not reach: JavaFX, the Java SE installer, the JInitiator browser plug-in, the native WebLogic proxy plug-in, or a native part of Oracle Application Server or Collaboration Suite (HTTP Server, Web Cache, Internet Directory, mail and calendar servers). Oracle gives these no CPE of their own and names them only in the description.

8 java-client-side no match Oracle's own risk-matrix note saying the CVE is reached only through untrusted code in the Java sandbox (applets, Web Start) or only through a client installation of Java, so a server running its own trusted code is not exposed

9 osv-maven no match An OSV.dev record of this CVE affecting a package published to Maven Central. When every such package is one business applications do not use (Minecraft mods and launchers, Fastjson) and no tracked product is named by CPE, it settles the CVE as Outside Waratek scope instead

10 cna-maven-package no match An affected Maven artifact named by the CNA itself

11 known-cpe-product no match An NVD CPE naming a product ARMR tracks

12 cna-cpe-product no match A CPE the CNA published naming a tracked product. Oracle publishes these on advisory day, months before NVD.

13 oracle-advisory-family no match A tracked product family named in Oracle's own risk matrix. CPE cannot carry a suite name, only a module.

14 cna-named-product no match A tracked product named in words by the CVE's own CNA, on a record with no CPE yet. Apache and Eclipse publish these on advisory day, before NVD adds CPE data.

15 non-deployable-product decided it matched Outside Waratek scope Named products cannot host a Java agent: cisco/network_services_orchestrator, cisco/smart_phy

16 unmatched-product not reached No tracked product matched above, and none present at all

disposition: What do we do about one that is? every rule runs

17 patch-hint not reached A reference pointing at the upstream fix: a commit, a PR, a Red Hat bug

18 open-source-maven not reached The affected package being open source on Maven, so the fix can be read

19 poc-derivable not reached An indexed exploit clearing the evidence bar to reverse-engineer, where there is no source to read

20 no-exploit not reached Nothing to build a rule from yet: no published exploit, no CISA record of exploitation and no source-level change to read

21 secure-rule-match not reached A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule

22 exploited-no-fix-or-poc not reached Somebody exploiting this CVE (a CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, or a CISA verdict of active exploitation), with no fix, source code or PoC to build a rule from

23 below-action-threshold not reached Medium or Low severity, no CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, no PoC clearing the evidence bar, no CISA verdict, no Oracle advisory

24 no-exploit-published not reached Exploit code for this candidate, published in a reviewed catalogue or a GitHub repository with 5 or more stars, or in use per CISA or VulnCheck; not only a CISA verdict, a forecast, or nothing at all

Products the scope rules checked

The products this CVE's record names, and whether VRT tracks each one. The scope rules decided on these.

Vendor Product Tracked CPE Source

erlang erlang\/otp not tracked cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco confd_basic not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:confd_basic:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco network_services_orchestrator not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:network_services_orchestrator:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco cloud_native_broadband_network_gateway not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:cloud_native_broadband_network_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco inode_manager not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:inode_manager:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco smart_phy not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:smart_phy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco ultra_packet_core not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:ultra_packet_core:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco ultra_services_platform not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:ultra_services_platform:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco staros not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:staros:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco optical_site_manager not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:optical_site_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco ncs_2000_shelf_virtualization_orchestrator_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:ncs_2000_shelf_virtualization_orchestrator_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco enterprise_nfv_infrastructure_software not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:enterprise_nfv_infrastructure_software:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco ultra_cloud_core not tracked cpe:2.3:a:cisco:ultra_cloud_core:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv160w_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv160w_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv260_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv260_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv160_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv160_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv260p_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv260p_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv260w_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv260w_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv340_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv340_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv340w_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv340w_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv345_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv345_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

cisco rv345p_firmware not tracked cpe:2.3:o:cisco:rv345p_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

debian debian_linux not tracked cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

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