`CVE-2025-31651` Apache Tomcat

Affected software	Apache Tomcat
Severity	9.8 Critical CVSS 3.1 2 scores
Fixed in	`9.0.104`, `10.1.40`, `11.0.6`
Weakness	CWE-116
Published	28 Apr 2025
Updated	17 Jun 2026

Description

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

CWE-150

Exploitation status

No public exploit

No exploit has been reported in the sources we check. The 1 repository below are public GitHub repositories with fewer than 5 stars.

CISA KEV not listed
VulnCheck KEV not listed
CISA Vulnrichment exploitation: none
Indexed PoC 1 indexed, none at 5+ stars
EPSS 4.3% chance in 30 days

1 of these are GitHub repositories with fewer than 5 stars. They are listed for reference and don't count toward the exploitation status above.

Index	Artifact	Stars	First seen
GitHub PoC	CVE-2025-31651 PoC	2	2025-04-08

Index

Artifact

Stars

First seen

GitHub PoC

CVE-2025-31651 PoC

2025-04-08

Waratek protection

Outside Waratek scope

A Java vulnerability, but not one Waratek protects. It affects only Java on a user's desktop (applets, Web Start, JavaFX, the installer), sits in a product the Waratek agent can't be installed into, or is in a package we don't expect in business applications. The decision below says which.

Protection none
Action not pursued none
Review human Researcher
Record active

Decided by	Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset
Finding	A manual classification set this CVE's status to Outside Waratek scope, but the CVE names a tracked product.

Decided by

Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset

Finding

A manual classification set this CVE's status to Outside Waratek scope, but the CVE names a tracked product.

CVSS

9.8 CRITICAL v3.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H 2 metrics

We show the highest score from the newest CVSS version. Scores from different versions can't be compared, and the first score listed is sometimes a 0.0 placeholder.

Version Score Band Vector Assigner Type

CVSS 3.1 9.8 CRITICAL CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H NVD Primary published

CVSS 3.1 9.8 CRITICAL CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H CISA-ADP Secondary

Version	Score	Band	Vector	Assigner	Type
CVSS 3.1	9.8	CRITICAL	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	NVD	Primary	published
CVSS 3.1	9.8	CRITICAL	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	CISA-ADP	Secondary

Affected software and releases

Oracle advisories

Advisory	Type	Quarter	Products Oracle names in its risk matrix
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2026 ↗	CPU	2026-Q3	Oracle Communications / Platform (Apache Tomcat) (24.2.0)
Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2025 ↗	CPU	2025-Q4	Oracle Siebel CRM / Application Interface (Apache Tomcat) (Prior to 25.8)
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2025 ↗	CPU	2025-Q3	Oracle Fusion Middleware / Runtime Server (Apache Tomcat) (12.2.1.4.0) Oracle Retail Applications / Security (Apache Tomcat) (20.0.5, 21.0.4, 22.0.2, 23.0.2, 24.0.1) Oracle Supply Chain / Document Management (Apache Tomcat) (6.2.1) Oracle Supply Chain / Document Management (Apache Tomcat) (9.3.6)

Advisory

Type

Quarter

Products Oracle names in its risk matrix

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2026 ↗

CPU

2026-Q3

Oracle Communications / Platform (Apache Tomcat) (24.2.0)

Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2025 ↗

CPU

2025-Q4

Oracle Siebel CRM / Application Interface (Apache Tomcat) (Prior to 25.8)

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2025 ↗

CPU

2025-Q3

Oracle Fusion Middleware / Runtime Server (Apache Tomcat) (12.2.1.4.0)
Oracle Retail Applications / Security (Apache Tomcat) (20.0.5, 21.0.4, 22.0.2, 23.0.2, 24.0.1)
Oracle Supply Chain / Document Management (Apache Tomcat) (6.2.1)
Oracle Supply Chain / Document Management (Apache Tomcat) (9.3.6)

Oracle components and versions

Family	Component	Versions, as Oracle lists them	Read as
Oracle Communications	Platform (Apache Tomcat)	24.2.0	24.2.0
Oracle Fusion Middleware	Runtime Server (Apache Tomcat)	12.2.1.4.0	12.2.1.4.0
Oracle Retail Applications	Security (Apache Tomcat)	20.0.5, 21.0.4, 22.0.2, 23.0.2, 24.0.1	20.0.5 · 21.0.4 · 22.0.2 · 23.0.2 · 24.0.1
Oracle Siebel CRM	Application Interface (Apache Tomcat)	Prior to 25.8
Oracle Supply Chain	Document Management (Apache Tomcat)	6.2.1	6.2.1 · 9.3.6

Family

Component

Versions, as Oracle lists them

Read as

Oracle Communications

Platform (Apache Tomcat)

24.2.0

Oracle Fusion Middleware

Runtime Server (Apache Tomcat)

12.2.1.4.0

Oracle Retail Applications

Security (Apache Tomcat)

20.0.5, 21.0.4, 22.0.2, 23.0.2, 24.0.1

20.0.5 · 21.0.4 · 22.0.2 · 23.0.2 · 24.0.1

Oracle Siebel CRM

Application Interface (Apache Tomcat)

Prior to 25.8

Oracle Supply Chain

Document Management (Apache Tomcat)

6.2.1

6.2.1 · 9.3.6

Maven packages

Affected and fixed versions, from OSV.dev

Package Introduced Fixed Last affected

org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina 9.0.76 9.0.104 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina 10.1.10 10.1.40 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina 11.0.0-M2 11.0.6 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core 9.0.76 9.0.104 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core 10.1.10 10.1.40 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core 11.0.0-M2 11.0.6 unbounded

org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina 8.5.0 none 8.5.100

org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core 8.5.0 none 8.5.100

Package	Introduced	Fixed	Last affected
`org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina`	9.0.76	`9.0.104`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina`	10.1.10	`10.1.40`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina`	11.0.0-M2	`11.0.6`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core`	9.0.76	`9.0.104`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core`	10.1.10	`10.1.40`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core`	11.0.0-M2	`11.0.6`	unbounded
`org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina`	8.5.0	none	8.5.100
`org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core`	8.5.0	none	8.5.100

Products and versions

3 products, 11 version entries

Source	Vendor	Product	Scheme	Affected versions
nvd	apache	tomcat	generic	≥ 9.0.0 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.0 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6
osv	org.apache.tomcat	tomcat-catalina	generic	≥ 8.5.0 and ≤ 8.5.100 · ≥ 9.0.76 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.10 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6
osv	org.apache.tomcat.embed	tomcat-embed-core	generic	≥ 8.5.0 and ≤ 8.5.100 · ≥ 9.0.76 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.10 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6

Source

Vendor

Product

Scheme

Affected versions

nvd

apache

tomcat

generic

≥ 9.0.0 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.0 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6

osv

org.apache.tomcat

tomcat-catalina

generic

≥ 8.5.0 and ≤ 8.5.100 · ≥ 9.0.76 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.10 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6

osv

org.apache.tomcat.embed

tomcat-embed-core

generic

≥ 8.5.0 and ≤ 8.5.100 · ≥ 9.0.76 and ＜ 9.0.104 · ≥ 10.1.10 and ＜ 10.1.40 · ≥ 11.0.0 and ＜ 11.0.6

References

URL	Tags
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/066bf6b6a15a4e7e0941d4acf096841165b97098	WEB
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/175dc75fc428930034a6c93fb52f830d955d8e64	WEB
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/ee3ab548e92345eca0cbd1f01649eb36c6f29454	WEB
https://github.com/apache/tomcat/commit/fbecc915a10c5a3d634c5e2c6ced4ff479ce9953	WEB
https://github.com/apache/tomcat	PACKAGE
https://lists.apache.org/list.html?announce@tomcat.apache.org	WEB
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/07/msg00009.html	WEB
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-10.html	WEB
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-11.html	WEB
https://tomcat.apache.org/security-9.html	WEB

URL

Timeline

Published	2025-04-28	By the CVE Program.
NVD record modified	2026-06-17	NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

Published

2025-04-28

By the CVE Program.

NVD record modified

2026-06-17

NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

How VRT decided (5 of 24 rules ran)

5 of 24 rules ran. The rest didn't run because an earlier rule had already settled the CVE.

# Rule Outcome Status Detail

identity: Does this identifier describe a vulnerability at all? the first rule that matches decides

1 rejected no match CVE Program withdrawal of this identifier

scope: Is it a vulnerability Waratek protects? the first rule that matches decides

2 armr-patch-file no match An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE

3 armr-secure-rule-file no match An ARMR security-rule template on disk for this CVE

4 manual-classification no match A researcher's recorded decision for this specific CVE

5 manual classification decided it matched Outside Waratek scope Found in legacy manual classifications

6 non-java-upstream not reached A root cause in non-Java code: an OS kernel, a C library, or a bundled runtime

7 oracle-component not reached The defect being in a component of a tracked product the agent does not reach: JavaFX, the Java SE installer, the JInitiator browser plug-in, the native WebLogic proxy plug-in, or a native part of Oracle Application Server or Collaboration Suite (HTTP Server, Web Cache, Internet Directory, mail and calendar servers). Oracle gives these no CPE of their own and names them only in the description.

8 java-client-side not reached Oracle's own risk-matrix note saying the CVE is reached only through untrusted code in the Java sandbox (applets, Web Start) or only through a client installation of Java, so a server running its own trusted code is not exposed

9 osv-maven not reached An OSV.dev record of this CVE affecting a package published to Maven Central. When every such package is one business applications do not use (Minecraft mods and launchers, Fastjson) and no tracked product is named by CPE, it settles the CVE as Outside Waratek scope instead

10 cna-maven-package not reached An affected Maven artifact named by the CNA itself

11 known-cpe-product not reached An NVD CPE naming a product ARMR tracks

12 cna-cpe-product not reached A CPE the CNA published naming a tracked product. Oracle publishes these on advisory day, months before NVD.

13 oracle-advisory-family not reached A tracked product family named in Oracle's own risk matrix. CPE cannot carry a suite name, only a module.

14 cna-named-product not reached A tracked product named in words by the CVE's own CNA, on a record with no CPE yet. Apache and Eclipse publish these on advisory day, before NVD adds CPE data.

15 non-deployable-product not reached The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached

16 unmatched-product not reached No tracked product matched above, and none present at all

disposition: What do we do about one that is? every rule runs

17 patch-hint not reached A reference pointing at the upstream fix: a commit, a PR, a Red Hat bug

18 open-source-maven not reached The affected package being open source on Maven, so the fix can be read

19 poc-derivable not reached An indexed exploit clearing the evidence bar to reverse-engineer, where there is no source to read

20 no-exploit not reached Nothing to build a rule from yet: no published exploit, no CISA record of exploitation and no source-level change to read

21 secure-rule-match not reached A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule

22 exploited-no-fix-or-poc not reached Somebody exploiting this CVE (a CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, or a CISA verdict of active exploitation), with no fix, source code or PoC to build a rule from

23 below-action-threshold not reached Medium or Low severity, no CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, no PoC clearing the evidence bar, no CISA verdict, no Oracle advisory

24 no-exploit-published not reached Exploit code for this candidate, published in a reviewed catalogue or a GitHub repository with 5 or more stars, or in use per CISA or VulnCheck; not only a CISA verdict, a forecast, or nothing at all

NVD ↗ · CVE.org ↗