`CVE-2025-25291` ruby-saml

Affected software	ruby-saml
Severity	9.3 Critical CVSS 4.0 2 scores
Weakness	CWE-347
Published	12 Mar 2025
Updated	17 Jun 2026

Description

ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently; the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 fix the issue.

CWE-436

Exploitation status

Working exploit published

A reviewed exploit catalogue lists ready-to-run exploit code for this CVE.

CISA KEV not listed
VulnCheck KEV not listed
CISA Vulnrichment exploitation: poc CISA recorded that an exploit has been demonstrated. Automatable: yes, technical impact: total.
Indexed PoC 1 indexed Published artifacts you can open, in Nuclei.
EPSS 21% chance in 30 days A model's forecast, not a report of exploitation. Higher than 98% of all scored CVEs.

Index	Artifact	Stars	First seen
Nuclei	GitLab - SAML Authentication Bypass

Index

Artifact

Stars

First seen

Nuclei

GitLab - SAML Authentication Bypass

Waratek protection

Outside Waratek scope

A Java vulnerability, but not one Waratek protects. It affects only Java on a user's desktop (applets, Web Start, JavaFX, the installer), sits in a product the Waratek agent can't be installed into, or is in a package we don't expect in business applications. The decision below says which.

Protection none
Action not pursued none
Review automated Upstream data
Record active

Decided by	The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached
Finding	This CVE names only products the Waratek agent cannot be installed into (netapp/storagegrid). They ship as sealed appliance images or as native code with no application JVM, so there is no start-up line to add -javaagent to. The vulnerability may well be a Java one; it is permanently out of ARMR's reach rather than outside its subject.

Decided by

The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached

Finding

This CVE names only products the Waratek agent cannot be installed into (netapp/storagegrid). They ship as sealed appliance images or as native code with no application JVM, so there is no start-up line to add -javaagent to. The vulnerability may well be a Java one; it is permanently out of ARMR's reach rather than outside its subject.

CVSS

9.3 CRITICAL v4.0

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

2 metrics

We show the highest score from the newest CVSS version. Scores from different versions can't be compared, and the first score listed is sometimes a 0.0 placeholder.

Version Score Band Vector Assigner Type

CVSS 4.0 9.3 CRITICAL CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X security-advisories@github.com Secondary published

CVSS 3.1 9.8 CRITICAL CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H NVD Primary

Version	Score	Band	Vector	Assigner	Type
CVSS 4.0	9.3	CRITICAL	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`	security-advisories@github.com	Secondary	published
CVSS 3.1	9.8	CRITICAL	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	NVD	Primary

Affected software and releases

Products and versions

3 products, 6 version entries

Source	Vendor	Product	Scheme	Affected versions
nvd	netapp	storagegrid	generic	any version
nvd	omniauth	omniauth saml	generic	＜ 1.10.6 · ≥ 2.0.0 and ＜ 2.1.3 · ≥ 2.2.0 and ＜ 2.2.3
nvd	onelogin	ruby-saml	generic	＜ 1.12.4 · ≥ 1.13.0 and ＜ 1.18.0

Source

Vendor

Product

Scheme

Affected versions

nvd

netapp

storagegrid

generic

any version

nvd

omniauth

omniauth saml

generic

＜ 1.10.6 · ≥ 2.0.0 and ＜ 2.1.3 · ≥ 2.2.0 and ＜ 2.2.3

nvd

onelogin

ruby-saml

generic

＜ 1.12.4 · ≥ 1.13.0 and ＜ 1.18.0

References

URL	Tags
https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released	Patch
https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials	Exploit, Third Party Advisory
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9	Patch
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97	Patch
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4	Release Notes
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0	Release Notes
https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm	Vendor Advisory
https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv	Vendor Advisory
https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins	Exploit, Third Party Advisory
https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml	Third Party Advisory

URL

Timeline

Published	2025-03-12	By the CVE Program.
NVD record modified	2026-06-17	NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

Published

2025-03-12

By the CVE Program.

NVD record modified

2026-06-17

NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

How VRT decided (15 of 24 rules ran)

15 of 24 rules ran. The rest didn't run because an earlier rule had already settled the CVE.

# Rule Outcome Status Detail

identity: Does this identifier describe a vulnerability at all? the first rule that matches decides

1 rejected no match CVE Program withdrawal of this identifier

scope: Is it a vulnerability Waratek protects? the first rule that matches decides

2 armr-patch-file no match An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE

3 armr-secure-rule-file no match An ARMR security-rule template on disk for this CVE

4 manual-classification no match A researcher's recorded decision for this specific CVE

5 manual classification no match Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset

6 non-java-upstream no match A root cause in non-Java code: an OS kernel, a C library, or a bundled runtime

7 oracle-component no match The defect being in a component of a tracked product the agent does not reach: JavaFX, the Java SE installer, the JInitiator browser plug-in, the native WebLogic proxy plug-in, or a native part of Oracle Application Server or Collaboration Suite (HTTP Server, Web Cache, Internet Directory, mail and calendar servers). Oracle gives these no CPE of their own and names them only in the description.

8 java-client-side no match Oracle's own risk-matrix note saying the CVE is reached only through untrusted code in the Java sandbox (applets, Web Start) or only through a client installation of Java, so a server running its own trusted code is not exposed

9 osv-maven no match An OSV.dev record of this CVE affecting a package published to Maven Central. When every such package is one business applications do not use (Minecraft mods and launchers, Fastjson) and no tracked product is named by CPE, it settles the CVE as Outside Waratek scope instead

10 cna-maven-package no match An affected Maven artifact named by the CNA itself

11 known-cpe-product no match An NVD CPE naming a product ARMR tracks

12 cna-cpe-product no match A CPE the CNA published naming a tracked product. Oracle publishes these on advisory day, months before NVD.

13 oracle-advisory-family no match A tracked product family named in Oracle's own risk matrix. CPE cannot carry a suite name, only a module.

14 cna-named-product no match A tracked product named in words by the CVE's own CNA, on a record with no CPE yet. Apache and Eclipse publish these on advisory day, before NVD adds CPE data.

15 non-deployable-product decided it matched Outside Waratek scope Named products cannot host a Java agent: netapp/storagegrid

16 unmatched-product not reached No tracked product matched above, and none present at all

disposition: What do we do about one that is? every rule runs

17 patch-hint not reached A reference pointing at the upstream fix: a commit, a PR, a Red Hat bug

18 open-source-maven not reached The affected package being open source on Maven, so the fix can be read

19 poc-derivable not reached An indexed exploit clearing the evidence bar to reverse-engineer, where there is no source to read

20 no-exploit not reached Nothing to build a rule from yet: no published exploit, no CISA record of exploitation and no source-level change to read

21 secure-rule-match not reached A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule

22 exploited-no-fix-or-poc not reached Somebody exploiting this CVE (a CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, or a CISA verdict of active exploitation), with no fix, source code or PoC to build a rule from

23 below-action-threshold not reached Medium or Low severity, no CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, no PoC clearing the evidence bar, no CISA verdict, no Oracle advisory

24 no-exploit-published not reached Exploit code for this candidate, published in a reviewed catalogue or a GitHub repository with 5 or more stars, or in use per CISA or VulnCheck; not only a CISA verdict, a forecast, or nothing at all

Products the scope rules checked

The products this CVE's record names, and whether VRT tracks each one. The scope rules decided on these.

Vendor Product Tracked CPE Source

omniauth omniauth_saml not tracked cpe:2.3:a:omniauth:omniauth_saml:*:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*

onelogin ruby-saml not tracked cpe:2.3:a:onelogin:ruby-saml:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

netapp storagegrid not tracked cpe:2.3:a:netapp:storagegrid:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

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