`CVE-2023-25158` GeoTools

Affected software	GeoTools
Severity	9.8 Critical CVSS 3.1 2 scores
Fixed in	`28.2`, `27.4`, `26.7`, `25.7`, `24.7`
Weakness	SQL injection (CWE-89)
Published	21 Feb 2023
Updated	17 Jun 2026

Description

GeoTools is an open source Java library that provides tools for geospatial data. GeoTools includes support for OGC Filter expression language parsing, encoding and execution against a range of datastore. SQL Injection Vulnerabilities have been found when executing OGC Filters with JDBCDataStore implementations. Users are advised to upgrade to either version 27.4 or to 28.2 to resolve this issue. Users unable to upgrade may disable encode functions for PostGIS DataStores or enable prepared statements for JDBCDataStores as a partial mitigation.

Exploitation status

Exploited

Real-world exploitation reported by VulnCheck KEV. CISA has not confirmed it.

CISA KEV not listed
VulnCheck KEV listed Exploitation reported in the wild. 1 citation · honeypot sightings · 1 exploit · earliest 2020-09-22.
CISA Vulnrichment exploitation: none
Indexed PoC none indexed
EPSS 1.1% chance in 30 days

VulnCheck KEV

Exploitation evidence from VulnCheck Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (VulnCheck KEV), used under VulnCheck's community terms. View CVE-2023-25158 in VulnCheck (free account).

Evidence	Source	Detail	Date
Honeypot sighting	SANS DShield sensors	Exploitation attempts seen on 1 day	2020-09-22
Honeypot sighting	Shadowserver honeypots	Exploitation attempts seen on 11 days	2026-08-19 to 2026-10-29
Reported exploitation	previdian.com	/CVE-2023-25158	2026-08-19
Exploit reference	VulnCheck XDB bbe6519782d5	Exploit type: initial-access	2023-06-11

Evidence

Source

Detail

Date

Honeypot sighting

SANS DShield sensors

Exploitation attempts seen on 1 day

2020-09-22

Honeypot sighting

Shadowserver honeypots

Exploitation attempts seen on 11 days

2026-08-19 to 2026-10-29

Reported exploitation

previdian.com

/CVE-2023-25158

2026-08-19

Exploit reference

VulnCheck XDB bbe6519782d5

Exploit type: initial-access

2023-06-11

Waratek protection

Protected by Waratek

Waratek has a rule that blocks attacks on this vulnerability.

Protection full SQL injection
Action available security rule
Review automated Inferred
Record active

Decided by	A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule
Finding	Protected by Waratek's ARMR sql-injection security rule, which blocks this class of attack at the JVM level without a rule written for this CVE specifically. The CVE's weakness is CWE-89: SQL Injection.
Candidate fix	https://github.com/geotools/geotools/commit/64fb4c47f43ca818c2fe96a94651bff1b3b3ed2b : a commit: the change itself

Decided by

A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule

Finding

Protected by Waratek's ARMR sql-injection security rule, which blocks this class of attack at the JVM level without a rule written for this CVE specifically. The CVE's weakness is CWE-89: SQL Injection.

Candidate fix

https://github.com/geotools/geotools/commit/64fb4c47f43ca818c2fe96a94651bff1b3b3ed2b : a commit: the change itself

How to mitigate CVE-2023-25158

Upgrade GeoTools to a release that fixes it: 28.2, 27.4, 26.7, 25.7 or 24.7. Until you can, Waratek RASP blocks exploitation with its SQL injection rule. It runs inside the Java application, with no code changes.

Waratek RASP Runtime protection for Java applications

CVSS

9.8 CRITICAL v3.1 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H 2 metrics

We show the highest score from the newest CVSS version. Scores from different versions can't be compared, and the first score listed is sometimes a 0.0 placeholder.

Version Score Band Vector Assigner Type

CVSS 3.1 9.8 CRITICAL CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H security-advisories@github.com Secondary published

CVSS 3.1 9.8 CRITICAL CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H NVD Primary

Version	Score	Band	Vector	Assigner	Type
CVSS 3.1	9.8	CRITICAL	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	security-advisories@github.com	Secondary	published
CVSS 3.1	9.8	CRITICAL	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	NVD	Primary

Affected software and releases

Maven packages

Affected and fixed versions, from OSV.dev

Package Introduced Fixed Last affected

org.geotools:gt-jdbc 28.0 28.2 unbounded

org.geotools:gt-jdbc 27.0 27.4 unbounded

org.geotools:gt-jdbc 26.0 26.7 unbounded

org.geotools:gt-jdbc 25.0 25.7 unbounded

org.geotools:gt-jdbc 0 24.7 unbounded

Package	Introduced	Fixed	Last affected
`org.geotools:gt-jdbc`	28.0	`28.2`	unbounded
`org.geotools:gt-jdbc`	27.0	`27.4`	unbounded
`org.geotools:gt-jdbc`	26.0	`26.7`	unbounded
`org.geotools:gt-jdbc`	25.0	`25.7`	unbounded
`org.geotools:gt-jdbc`	0	`24.7`	unbounded

Products and versions

2 products, 10 version entries

Source	Vendor	Product	Scheme	Affected versions
nvd	geotools	geotools	generic	＜ 24.7 · ≥ 25.0 and ＜ 25.7 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.7 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.4 · ≥ 28.0 and ＜ 28.2
osv	org.geotools	gt-jdbc	generic	＜ 24.7 · ≥ 25.0 and ＜ 25.7 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.7 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.4 · ≥ 28.0 and ＜ 28.2

Source

Vendor

Product

Scheme

Affected versions

nvd

geotools

generic

＜ 24.7 · ≥ 25.0 and ＜ 25.7 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.7 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.4 · ≥ 28.0 and ＜ 28.2

osv

org.geotools

gt-jdbc

generic

＜ 24.7 · ≥ 25.0 and ＜ 25.7 · ≥ 26.0 and ＜ 26.7 · ≥ 27.0 and ＜ 27.4 · ≥ 28.0 and ＜ 28.2

References

URL	Tags
https://github.com/geotools/geotools/commit/64fb4c47f43ca818c2fe96a94651bff1b3b3ed2b	commit
https://github.com/geotools/geotools/security/advisories/GHSA-99c3-qc2q-p94m	WEB
https://github.com/geotools/geotools	PACKAGE

URL

Timeline

VulnCheck KEV: earliest evidence	2020-09-22	Date of the oldest evidence of exploitation in VulnCheck KEV's record. VulnCheck does not publish the date it listed the CVE.
Published	2023-02-21	By the CVE Program.
NVD record modified	2026-06-17	NVD's own last-modified date for this record.
VulnCheck KEV: latest evidence	2026-10-29	Date of the newest report, exploit reference or honeypot sighting in VulnCheck KEV's record.

VulnCheck KEV: earliest evidence

2020-09-22

Date of the oldest evidence of exploitation in VulnCheck KEV's record. VulnCheck does not publish the date it listed the CVE.

Published

2023-02-21

By the CVE Program.

NVD record modified

2026-06-17

NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

VulnCheck KEV: latest evidence

2026-10-29

Date of the newest report, exploit reference or honeypot sighting in VulnCheck KEV's record.

How VRT decided (17 of 24 rules ran)

17 of 24 rules ran. The rest didn't run because an earlier rule had already settled the CVE.

# Rule Outcome Status Detail

identity: Does this identifier describe a vulnerability at all? the first rule that matches decides

1 rejected no match CVE Program withdrawal of this identifier

scope: Is it a vulnerability Waratek protects? the first rule that matches decides

2 armr-patch-file no match An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE

3 armr-secure-rule-file no match An ARMR security-rule template on disk for this CVE

4 manual-classification no match A researcher's recorded decision for this specific CVE

5 manual classification no match Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset

6 non-java-upstream no match A root cause in non-Java code: an OS kernel, a C library, or a bundled runtime

7 oracle-component no match The defect being in a component of a tracked product the agent does not reach: JavaFX, the Java SE installer, the JInitiator browser plug-in, the native WebLogic proxy plug-in, or a native part of Oracle Application Server or Collaboration Suite (HTTP Server, Web Cache, Internet Directory, mail and calendar servers). Oracle gives these no CPE of their own and names them only in the description.

8 java-client-side no match Oracle's own risk-matrix note saying the CVE is reached only through untrusted code in the Java sandbox (applets, Web Start) or only through a client installation of Java, so a server running its own trusted code is not exposed

9 osv-maven matched In scope Maven packages: org.geotools:gt-jdbc

10 cna-maven-package not reached An affected Maven artifact named by the CNA itself

11 known-cpe-product not reached An NVD CPE naming a product ARMR tracks

12 cna-cpe-product not reached A CPE the CNA published naming a tracked product. Oracle publishes these on advisory day, months before NVD.

13 oracle-advisory-family not reached A tracked product family named in Oracle's own risk matrix. CPE cannot carry a suite name, only a module.

14 cna-named-product not reached A tracked product named in words by the CVE's own CNA, on a record with no CPE yet. Apache and Eclipse publish these on advisory day, before NVD adds CPE data.

15 non-deployable-product not reached The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached

16 unmatched-product not reached No tracked product matched above, and none present at all

disposition: What do we do about one that is? every rule runs

17 patch-hint matched Mitigation candidate References include candidate fix URL (commit tier): https://github.com/geotools/geotools/commit/64fb4c47f43ca818c2fe96a94651bff1b3b3ed2b

18 open-source-maven skipped The affected package being open source on Maven, so the fix can be read

19 poc-derivable skipped An indexed exploit clearing the evidence bar to reverse-engineer, where there is no source to read

20 no-exploit skipped Nothing to build a rule from yet: no published exploit, no CISA record of exploitation and no source-level change to read

21 secure-rule-match decided it matched Protected by Waratek CWE-89 (SQL Injection) is mitigable by an ARMR sql-injection security rule.

22 exploited-no-fix-or-poc skipped Somebody exploiting this CVE (a CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, or a CISA verdict of active exploitation), with no fix, source code or PoC to build a rule from

23 below-action-threshold skipped Medium or Low severity, no CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, no PoC clearing the evidence bar, no CISA verdict, no Oracle advisory

24 no-exploit-published skipped Exploit code for this candidate, published in a reviewed catalogue or a GitHub repository with 5 or more stars, or in use per CISA or VulnCheck; not only a CISA verdict, a forecast, or nothing at all

Products the scope rules checked

The products this CVE's record names, and whether VRT tracks each one. The scope rules decided on these.

Vendor Product Tracked CPE Source

geotools geotools not tracked cpe:2.3:a:geotools:geotools:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

NVD ↗ · CVE.org ↗