`CVE-2016-1181` Apache Struts

Affected software	Apache Struts
Severity	8.1 High CVSS 3.0 2 scores
Weakness	Improper input validation (CWE-20)
Published	4 Jul 2016
Updated	15 Oct 2026

Description

ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 mishandles multithreaded access to an ActionForm instance, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (unexpected memory access) via a multipart request, a related issue to CVE-2015-0899.

Exploitation status

No public exploit

No exploit has been reported in the sources we check. Published 10 years ago.

CISA KEV not listed
VulnCheck KEV not listed
CISA Vulnrichment exploitation: none
Indexed PoC none indexed
EPSS 13% chance in 30 days A model's forecast, not a report of exploitation. Higher than 96% of all scored CVEs.

Waratek protection

Protected by Waratek

Waratek has a rule that blocks attacks on this vulnerability.

Protection full
Action available patch rule
Review human ARMR file
Record active

Decided by	An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE
Finding	CVE has an ARMR patch rule that provides mitigation

Decided by

An ARMR patch file on disk for this CVE

Finding

CVE has an ARMR patch rule that provides mitigation

ARMR rule files

1 file

The rule files Waratek ships for this CVE. Some CVEs need more than one, for example one per affected library or one per ARMR version.

CVE-2016-1181.armr patch rule, ARMR 2.6 added 2019-08-21 updated 2026-03-04

How to mitigate CVE-2016-1181

Apply the vendor's fix for Apache Struts. Until you can, Waratek RASP blocks exploitation with a rule written for this CVE. It runs inside the Java application, with no code changes.

Waratek RASP Runtime protection for Java applications

CVSS

8.1 HIGH v3.0 CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H 2 metrics

We show the highest score from the newest CVSS version. Scores from different versions can't be compared, and the first score listed is sometimes a 0.0 placeholder.

Version Score Band Vector Assigner Type

CVSS 3.0 8.1 HIGH CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H NVD Primary published

CVSS 2.0 6.8 none AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P NVD Primary

Version	Score	Band	Vector	Assigner	Type
CVSS 3.0	8.1	HIGH	`CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H`	NVD	Primary	published
CVSS 2.0	6.8	none	`AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P`	NVD	Primary

Affected software and releases

Oracle advisories

Advisory	Type	Quarter	Products Oracle names in its risk matrix
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2020 ↗	CPU	2020-Q3	Oracle Communications Applications / MSS Integration Cartridge (Apache Struts 1) (7.3.2-7.3.6)
Oracle Critical Patch Update January 2020 ↗	CPU	2020-Q1	Oracle Retail Applications / Common Component Integration (Struts1) (13.4.4) Oracle Retail Applications / Dataset Component (Struts1) (14.0.5)
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2019 ↗	CPU	2019-Q3	Oracle Retail Applications / Upgrade Install (Apache Struts 1) (5.0)
Oracle Critical Patch Update April 2019 ↗	CPU	2019-Q2	Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4)
Oracle Critical Patch Update January 2019 ↗	CPU	2019-Q1	Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (prior to 7.0.0.1) Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (prior to 7.2)
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2018 ↗	CPU	2018-Q3	Oracle Enterprise Manager Products Suite / FMW Plugin for CC (Apache Struts 1) (12.1.0.5) Oracle Hospitality Applications / Configuration (Struts 1) (9.0.0) Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0) Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0) Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0) Oracle Hospitality Applications / iCard.net (Struts 1) (9.0.0) Oracle Retail Applications / Retail (Apache Struts 1) (7.0.2, 7.0.4) Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite / Install (Apache Struts 1) (6.2, 6.3.7, 6.4.1) Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite / UI Components-Framework (Apache Struts 1) (9.3.4)
Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2017 ↗	CPU	2017-Q4	Oracle Fusion Middleware / OIM Legacy UI (Apache Struts 1) (11.1.2.3.0)
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2017 ↗	CPU	2017-Q3	Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control / Installation (12.5.0.2, 12.5.0.3)
Oracle Critical Patch Update April 2017 ↗	CPU	2017-Q2	Oracle Fusion Middleware / Samples (Struts 1) (10.3.6.0, 12.1.3.0, 12.2.1.0, 12.2.1.1, 12.2.1.2) Oracle Retail Applications / Security (12.0, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 14.0, 14.1)
Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2016 ↗	CPU	2016-Q4	Oracle JD Edwards Products / Portal SEC (9.1)
Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2016 ↗	CPU	2016-Q3	Oracle Financial Services Applications / OPS (2.3.0, 2.4.0, 2.4.1, 2.5.0) Oracle Fusion Middleware / User and Group Security (11.1.1.6) Oracle's note: Please refer to My Oracle Support Note 2155256.1 for instructions on how to address this issue.

Advisory

Type

Quarter

Products Oracle names in its risk matrix

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2020 ↗

CPU

2020-Q3

Oracle Communications Applications / MSS Integration Cartridge (Apache Struts 1) (7.3.2-7.3.6)

Oracle Critical Patch Update January 2020 ↗

CPU

2020-Q1

Oracle Retail Applications / Common Component Integration (Struts1) (13.4.4)
Oracle Retail Applications / Dataset Component (Struts1) (14.0.5)

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2019 ↗

CPU

2019-Q3

Oracle Retail Applications / Upgrade Install (Apache Struts 1) (5.0)

Oracle Critical Patch Update April 2019 ↗

CPU

2019-Q2

Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4)

Oracle Critical Patch Update January 2019 ↗

CPU

2019-Q1

Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (prior to 7.0.0.1)
Oracle Communications Applications / Security (Apache Struts 1) (prior to 7.2)

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2018 ↗

CPU

2018-Q3

Oracle Enterprise Manager Products Suite / FMW Plugin for CC (Apache Struts 1) (12.1.0.5)
Oracle Hospitality Applications / Configuration (Struts 1) (9.0.0)
Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0)
Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0)
Oracle Hospitality Applications / Report (Struts 1) (9.0.0)
Oracle Hospitality Applications / iCard.net (Struts 1) (9.0.0)
Oracle Retail Applications / Retail (Apache Struts 1) (7.0.2, 7.0.4)
Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite / Install (Apache Struts 1) (6.2, 6.3.7, 6.4.1)
Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite / UI Components-Framework (Apache Struts 1) (9.3.4)

Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2017 ↗

CPU

2017-Q4

Oracle Fusion Middleware / OIM Legacy UI (Apache Struts 1) (11.1.2.3.0)

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2017 ↗

CPU

2017-Q3

Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control / Installation (12.5.0.2, 12.5.0.3)

Oracle Critical Patch Update April 2017 ↗

CPU

2017-Q2

Oracle Fusion Middleware / Samples (Struts 1) (10.3.6.0, 12.1.3.0, 12.2.1.0, 12.2.1.1, 12.2.1.2)
Oracle Retail Applications / Security (12.0, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 14.0, 14.1)

Oracle Critical Patch Update October 2016 ↗

CPU

2016-Q4

Oracle JD Edwards Products / Portal SEC (9.1)

Oracle Critical Patch Update July 2016 ↗

CPU

2016-Q3

Oracle Financial Services Applications / OPS (2.3.0, 2.4.0, 2.4.1, 2.5.0)
Oracle Fusion Middleware / User and Group Security (11.1.1.6)
Oracle's note: Please refer to My Oracle Support Note 2155256.1 for instructions on how to address this issue.

Oracle components and versions

Family	Component	Versions, as Oracle lists them	Read as
Oracle Communications Applications	MSS Integration Cartridge (Apache Struts 1)	7.3.2-7.3.6
Oracle Communications Applications	Security (Apache Struts 1)	prior to 7.0.0.1	12.1 · 12.2 · 12.3 · 12.4
Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control	Installation	12.5.0.2, 12.5.0.3	12.5.0.2 · 12.5.0.3
Oracle Enterprise Manager Products Suite	FMW Plugin for CC (Apache Struts 1)	12.1.0.5	12.1.0.5
Oracle Financial Services Applications	OPS	2.3.0, 2.4.0, 2.4.1, 2.5.0	2.3.0 · 2.4.0 · 2.4.1 · 2.5.0
Oracle Fusion Middleware	OIM Legacy UI (Apache Struts 1)	11.1.2.3.0	11.1.2.3.0
Oracle Fusion Middleware	Samples (Struts 1)	10.3.6.0, 12.1.3.0, 12.2.1.0, 12.2.1.1, 12.2.1.2	10.3.6.0 · 12.1.3.0 · 12.2.1.0 · 12.2.1.1 · 12.2.1.2
Oracle Fusion Middleware	User and Group Security	11.1.1.6	11.1.1.6
Oracle Hospitality Applications	Configuration (Struts 1)	9.0.0	9.0.0
Oracle Hospitality Applications	Report (Struts 1)	9.0.0	9.0.0
Oracle Hospitality Applications	iCard.net (Struts 1)	9.0.0	9.0.0
Oracle JD Edwards Products	Portal SEC	9.1	9.1
Oracle Retail Applications	Common Component Integration (Struts1)	13.4.4	13.4.4
Oracle Retail Applications	Dataset Component (Struts1)	14.0.5	14.0.5
Oracle Retail Applications	Retail (Apache Struts 1)	7.0.2, 7.0.4	7.0.2 · 7.0.4
Oracle Retail Applications	Security	12.0, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 14.0, 14.1	12.0 · 13.0 · 13.1 · 13.2 · 14.0 · 14.1
Oracle Retail Applications	Upgrade Install (Apache Struts 1)	5.0	5.0
Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite	Install (Apache Struts 1)	6.2, 6.3.7, 6.4.1	6.2 · 6.3.7 · 6.4.1
Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite	UI Components-Framework (Apache Struts 1)	9.3.4	9.3.4

Family

Component

Versions, as Oracle lists them

Read as

Oracle Communications Applications

MSS Integration Cartridge (Apache Struts 1)

7.3.2-7.3.6

Oracle Communications Applications

Security (Apache Struts 1)

prior to 7.0.0.1

12.1 · 12.2 · 12.3 · 12.4

Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control

Installation

12.5.0.2, 12.5.0.3

12.5.0.2 · 12.5.0.3

Oracle Enterprise Manager Products Suite

FMW Plugin for CC (Apache Struts 1)

12.1.0.5

Oracle Financial Services Applications

OPS

2.3.0, 2.4.0, 2.4.1, 2.5.0

2.3.0 · 2.4.0 · 2.4.1 · 2.5.0

Oracle Fusion Middleware

OIM Legacy UI (Apache Struts 1)

11.1.2.3.0

Oracle Fusion Middleware

Samples (Struts 1)

10.3.6.0, 12.1.3.0, 12.2.1.0, 12.2.1.1, 12.2.1.2

10.3.6.0 · 12.1.3.0 · 12.2.1.0 · 12.2.1.1 · 12.2.1.2

Oracle Fusion Middleware

User and Group Security

11.1.1.6

Oracle Hospitality Applications

Configuration (Struts 1)

9.0.0

Oracle Hospitality Applications

Report (Struts 1)

9.0.0

Oracle Hospitality Applications

iCard.net (Struts 1)

9.0.0

Oracle JD Edwards Products

Portal SEC

9.1

Oracle Retail Applications

Common Component Integration (Struts1)

13.4.4

Oracle Retail Applications

Dataset Component (Struts1)

14.0.5

Oracle Retail Applications

Retail (Apache Struts 1)

7.0.2, 7.0.4

7.0.2 · 7.0.4

Oracle Retail Applications

Security

12.0, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 14.0, 14.1

12.0 · 13.0 · 13.1 · 13.2 · 14.0 · 14.1

Oracle Retail Applications

Upgrade Install (Apache Struts 1)

5.0

Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite

Install (Apache Struts 1)

6.2, 6.3.7, 6.4.1

6.2 · 6.3.7 · 6.4.1

Oracle Supply Chain Products Suite

UI Components-Framework (Apache Struts 1)

9.3.4

Maven packages

Affected and fixed versions, from OSV.dev

Package	Introduced	Fixed	Last affected
`org.apache.struts:struts-core`	0	none	1.3.10
`struts:struts`	0	none	1.2.9

Products and versions

5 products, 35 version entries

Source	Vendor	Product	Scheme	Affected versions
nvd	apache	struts	generic	1.0 · 1.0:beta1 · 1.0:beta2 · 1.0:beta3 · 1.0.1 · 1.0.2 · 1.1 · 1.1:rc1 · 1.1:rc2 · 1.1:b1 · 1.1:b2 · 1.1:b3 · 1.2.0 · 1.2.1 · 1.2.2 · 1.2.3 · 1.2.4 · 1.2.5 · 1.2.6 · 1.2.7 · 1.2.8 · 1.2.9 · 1.3.5 · 1.3.6 · 1.3.7 · 1.3.8 · 1.3.9 · 1.3.10
nvd	oracle	banking platform	generic	2.3.0 · 2.4.0 · 2.4.1 · 2.5.0
nvd	oracle	portal	generic	11.1.1.6
osv	org.apache.struts	struts-core	generic	≤ 1.3.10
osv	struts	struts	generic	≤ 1.2.9

Source

Vendor

Product

Scheme

Affected versions

nvd

apache

struts

generic

1.0 · 1.0:beta1 · 1.0:beta2 · 1.0:beta3 · 1.0.1 · 1.0.2 · 1.1 · 1.1:rc1 · 1.1:rc2 · 1.1:b1 · 1.1:b2 · 1.1:b3 · 1.2.0 · 1.2.1 · 1.2.2 · 1.2.3 · 1.2.4 · 1.2.5 · 1.2.6 · 1.2.7 · 1.2.8 · 1.2.9 · 1.3.5 · 1.3.6 · 1.3.7 · 1.3.8 · 1.3.9 · 1.3.10

nvd

oracle

banking platform

generic

2.3.0 · 2.4.0 · 2.4.1 · 2.5.0

nvd

oracle

portal

generic

11.1.1.6

osv

org.apache.struts

struts-core

generic

≤ 1.3.10

osv

struts

generic

≤ 1.2.9

References

URL	Tags
https://github.com/kawasima/struts1-forever/commit/eda3a79907ed8fcb0387a0496d0cb14332f250e8	WEB
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1343538	WEB
https://github.com/apache/struts	PACKAGE
https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2016-1181	WEB
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0006	WEB
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2020.html	WEB
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2020.html	WEB
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuapr2019-5072813.html	WEB
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujan2019-5072801.html	WEB
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2019-5072835.html	WEB

URL

Timeline

Published	2016-07-04	By the CVE Program.
ARMR remediation created	2019-08-21	Earliest commit adding this CVE's ARMR patch or security rule.
ARMR remediation last updated	2026-03-04	Most recent commit touching this CVE's ARMR patch or security rule.
Last VRT activity	2026-03-04	Most recent commit touching this CVE's classification, patch or rule file.
NVD record modified	2026-10-15	NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

Published

2016-07-04

By the CVE Program.

ARMR remediation created

2019-08-21

Earliest commit adding this CVE's ARMR patch or security rule.

ARMR remediation last updated

2026-03-04

Most recent commit touching this CVE's ARMR patch or security rule.

Last VRT activity

2026-03-04

Most recent commit touching this CVE's classification, patch or rule file.

NVD record modified

2026-10-15

NVD's own last-modified date for this record.

How VRT decided (2 of 24 rules ran)

2 of 24 rules ran. The rest didn't run because an earlier rule had already settled the CVE.

# Rule Outcome Status Detail

identity: Does this identifier describe a vulnerability at all? the first rule that matches decides

1 rejected no match CVE Program withdrawal of this identifier

scope: Is it a vulnerability Waratek protects? the first rule that matches decides

2 armr-patch-file decided it matched Protected by Waratek ARMR patch file exists for this CVE

3 armr-secure-rule-file not reached An ARMR security-rule template on disk for this CVE

4 manual-classification not reached A researcher's recorded decision for this specific CVE

5 manual classification not reached Manual classification of this CVE in the legacy dataset

6 non-java-upstream not reached A root cause in non-Java code: an OS kernel, a C library, or a bundled runtime

7 oracle-component not reached The defect being in a component of a tracked product the agent does not reach: JavaFX, the Java SE installer, the JInitiator browser plug-in, the native WebLogic proxy plug-in, or a native part of Oracle Application Server or Collaboration Suite (HTTP Server, Web Cache, Internet Directory, mail and calendar servers). Oracle gives these no CPE of their own and names them only in the description.

8 java-client-side not reached Oracle's own risk-matrix note saying the CVE is reached only through untrusted code in the Java sandbox (applets, Web Start) or only through a client installation of Java, so a server running its own trusted code is not exposed

9 osv-maven not reached An OSV.dev record of this CVE affecting a package published to Maven Central. When every such package is one business applications do not use (Minecraft mods and launchers, Fastjson) and no tracked product is named by CPE, it settles the CVE as Outside Waratek scope instead

10 cna-maven-package not reached An affected Maven artifact named by the CNA itself

11 known-cpe-product not reached An NVD CPE naming a product ARMR tracks

12 cna-cpe-product not reached A CPE the CNA published naming a tracked product. Oracle publishes these on advisory day, months before NVD.

13 oracle-advisory-family not reached A tracked product family named in Oracle's own risk matrix. CPE cannot carry a suite name, only a module.

14 cna-named-product not reached A tracked product named in words by the CVE's own CNA, on a record with no CPE yet. Apache and Eclipse publish these on advisory day, before NVD adds CPE data.

15 non-deployable-product not reached The only affected product being a sealed appliance image, where Java runs but no -javaagent can be attached

16 unmatched-product not reached No tracked product matched above, and none present at all

disposition: What do we do about one that is? every rule runs

17 patch-hint not reached A reference pointing at the upstream fix: a commit, a PR, a Red Hat bug

18 open-source-maven not reached The affected package being open source on Maven, so the fix can be read

19 poc-derivable not reached An indexed exploit clearing the evidence bar to reverse-engineer, where there is no source to read

20 no-exploit not reached Nothing to build a rule from yet: no published exploit, no CISA record of exploitation and no source-level change to read

21 secure-rule-match not reached A vulnerability class already blocked by an ARMR security rule

22 exploited-no-fix-or-poc not reached Somebody exploiting this CVE (a CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, or a CISA verdict of active exploitation), with no fix, source code or PoC to build a rule from

23 below-action-threshold not reached Medium or Low severity, no CISA or VulnCheck KEV listing, no PoC clearing the evidence bar, no CISA verdict, no Oracle advisory

24 no-exploit-published not reached Exploit code for this candidate, published in a reviewed catalogue or a GitHub repository with 5 or more stars, or in use per CISA or VulnCheck; not only a CISA verdict, a forecast, or nothing at all

NVD ↗ · CVE.org ↗